In this complete travel guide, you’ll find everything you need to know before you go Turkmenistan — from must-see attractions and seasonal travel tips, to what to eat and things to do. Whether you’re visiting for the ancient Silk Road cities or just curious about this fascinating destination, this guide will help you plan a smooth and unforgettable journey.
Where is Turkmenistan Located?
Turkmenistan is located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south, and the Caspian Sea to the west. Its strategic location once made it a vital stop along the ancient Silk Road.
Turkmenistan is largely desert, with the vast Karakum Desert covering about 70% of its land. Despite its arid environment, the country is home to ancient cities, bizarre landscapes, and impressive modern architecture.
When is the Best Time to Visit Turkmenistan?
Turkmenistan has a desert climate, with hot summers and cold winters. The best times to visit are spring and autumn, when the weather is milder.
Season | Average Temperature | Travel Recommendation |
Spring (Mar–May) | 15°C–30°C (59°F–86°F) | Best time for sightseeing and outdoor activities. |
Summer (Jun–Aug) | 30°C–45°C (86°F–113°F) | Very hot, especially in desert areas. Visit only if well-prepared. |
Autumn (Sep–Nov) | 20°C–35°C (68°F–95°F) | Great time for cultural tours and hiking. |
Winter (Dec–Feb) | -5°C–10°C (23°F–50°F) | Cold but dry; fewer tourists. Dress warmly. |
Top Attractions in Turkmenistan
Ashgabat – The Marble Capital
A surreal city filled with white marble buildings, golden domes, and extravagant monuments. Must-see sites include: Independence Square; Turkmenistan National Museum; Alem Cultural and Entertainment Center (with the world’s largest indoor Ferris wheel)
Darvaza Gas Crater – The Door to Hell
Located in the Karakum Desert, this massive burning crater has been on fire since the 1970s. It’s especially stunning at night under the stars.
Ancient Merv – A UNESCO World Heritage Site
Once one of the greatest cities of the Islamic world, Merv features ancient mausoleums, fortress walls, and centuries of Silk Road history.
Yangykala Canyon
Nicknamed the “Grand Canyon of Central Asia,” Yangykala is famous for its stunning red and pink limestone formations. Best viewed during sunrise or sunset.
Kow Ata Underground Lake
A natural thermal spring located inside a cave. It’s a popular stop for swimming in warm, mineral-rich waters.
Traditional Turkmen Foods to Try
Dish | Description |
Plov | Rice pilaf with lamb, carrots, and onions – a Central Asian staple. |
Ichlekli | Meat-filled pie, often baked in clay ovens. |
Shurpa | Hearty meat and vegetable soup, flavored with herbs. |
Manty | Steamed dumplings filled with minced meat and onions. |
Gowurma | Fried lamb or beef cubes, usually served with rice or bread. |
Best Things to Do in Turkmenistan
Explore Traditional Bazaars
Visit Tolkuchka Bazaar in Ashgabat to shop for carpets, spices, and local crafts.
Visit Carpet Museums and Workshops
Turkmenistan is famous for its hand-woven carpets. The Turkmen Carpet Museum displays some of the largest carpets in the world.
Experience Desert Camping in Karakum
Spend a night near the Darvaza Gas Crater and enjoy a traditional Turkmen meal under the stars.
Discover Silk Road Ruins
Explore historic towns like Konye-Urgench and Merv for a glimpse into ancient civilizations.
How to Get to Turkmenistan?
Transportation Mode | Details | Travel Time | Tips |
By Air | Main airport: Ashgabat (ASB). Direct flights from Istanbul, Dubai, Moscow | Istanbul–Ashgabat: ~3.5h; Dubai–Ashgabat: ~2h | Book early; check visa/LOI requirements |
Overland (Borders) | From Uzbekistan: Farap (Bukhara–Turkmenabat) or Dashoguz (Khiva–Kunya-Urgench). From Iran: Baigiran (Mashhad–Ashgabat) | Bukhara–Turkmenabat: ~2–3h; Mashhad–Ashgabat: ~12–14h | Pre-arrange visas/guides; borders may close suddenly |
Domestic Flights | Operated by Turkmenistan Airlines (routes: Ashgabat–Turkmenabat/Mary/Turkmenbashy) | Ashgabat–Turkmenabat/Mary: ~1h | Book via agencies (limited seats); luggage restrictions |
Where to Stay in Turkmenistan?
- Booking: Most hotels require advance reservations, especially in Ashgabat and Awaza. Use agencies for guided tours with lodging.
- Visa & Permits: Ensure your hotel registration aligns with visa requirements (mandatory for tourists).
- Guides: Remote areas (e.g., Darvaza, Yangykala) require licensed guides; tours include accommodation.
Region | Recommended Areas | Why Stay Here | Tips |
Ashgabat | City Center (near Independence Monument) | Central access to landmarks (Neutrality Arch, Carpet Museum) | Avoid photographing government buildings |
Berzengi District | Modern amenities and international hotels | ||
Darvaza Gas Crater | Desert Camps (near crater) | Camp near the “Door to Hell” crater under starry skies | Tours include basic lodging; pack warm clothes |
Mary | City Center (near Mary Museum) | Base for Ancient Merv (30-min drive); budget stays | Book early in peak season (spring/autumn) |
Kunya-Urgench | Dashoguz City (1h from site) | Closest urban area to UNESCO site | Combine with Khiva (Uzbekistan) |
Awaza Tourist Zone | Caspian Sea Resorts | Beachfront luxury with water sports and spas | Summer visits (Jun–Aug); Hazar/Avaza resorts |
Yangykala Canyon | Balkanabat City (2h to canyon) | Gateway to Yangykala Canyon & Karakum Desert | Book guided tours with camping included |
Turkmenbashy | City Center (near Caspian Sea) | Access to Awaza resorts and markets | Use translation apps |
Nisa Fortress | Bagyr Village (near Ashgabat) | Proximity to UNESCO Parthian ruins | Day trips from Ashgabat |
